- GeoIP database
- A regularly updated mapping of IP address ranges to geographic and network metadata. MaxMind GeoIP2 and IP2Location are the major commercial providers; databases are typically refreshed weekly.
- ASN
- Autonomous System Number — a unique 16- or 32-bit identifier (e.g. AS15169 for Google) for a network or group of networks under a single administrative routing policy. Used by BGP for inter-network routing.
- BGP
- Border Gateway Protocol — the routing protocol that connects autonomous systems on the public internet. ASN announcements via BGP determine which network owns which IP range.
- IPv4
- The original Internet Protocol address format, 32 bits long, written as four dotted decimal octets (e.g. 93.184.216.34). About 4.3 billion total addresses, exhausted in 2011.
- IPv6
- The successor protocol with 128-bit addresses (e.g. 2606:2800:220:1:248:1893:25c8:1946) providing 3.4×10³⁸ unique addresses, designed to replace IPv4 long-term.
- RFC 1918 private ranges
- IP ranges reserved for private internal networks: 10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12, and 192.168.0.0/16 — not routable on the public internet and have no geolocation.
- Anycast
- A network addressing scheme where the same IP is announced from multiple physical locations and BGP routes traffic to the nearest one. Common for DNS resolvers (1.1.1.1, 8.8.8.8) and CDNs.
- Regional Internet Registry (RIR)
- Organizations that allocate IP address blocks within geographic regions: ARIN (North America), RIPE (Europe), APNIC (Asia-Pacific), LACNIC (Latin America), AFRINIC (Africa).